Review of analytical instruments for EEG analysis

Since it was first used in 1926, EEG has been one of the most useful instruments of neuroscience. In order to start using EEG data we need not only EEG apparatus, but also some analytical tools and skills to understand what our data mean. This article describes several classical analytical tools and also new one which appeared only several years ago. We hope it will be useful for those researchers who have only started working in the field of cognitive EEG

Beam Profile Measurements and Simulations of the PETRA Laser-Wire

The Laser-wire will be an essential diagnostic tool at the International Linear Collider. It uses a finely focussed laser beam to measure the transverse profile of electron bunches by detecting the Compton-scattered photons (or degraded electrons) downstream of where the laser beam intersects the electron beam. Such a system has been installed at the PETRA storage ring at DESY, which uses a piezo-driven mirror to scan the laser-light across the electron beam. Lat- est results of experimental data taking are presented and compared to detailed simulations using the Geant4 based program BDSIM.Comment: 3 pagesm 4 figures. Submitted as a conference paper for the Particle Accelerator Conference 2005 (PAC05

Laser Wire Scanner Compton Scattering Techniques for the Measurement of the Transverse Beam Size of Particle Beams at Future Linear Colliders

This archive summarizes a working paper and conference proceedings related to laser wire scanner development for the Future Linear Collider (FLC) in the years 2001 to 2006. In particular the design, setup and data taking for the laser wire experiments at PETRA II and CT2 are described. The material is focused on the activities undertaken by Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL).Comment: 61 page

Evolutionary Dynamics Analysis of Human Metapneumovirus Subtype A2: Genetic Evidence for Its Dominant Epidemic

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory viral pathogen in children worldwide. hMPV is divided into four subtypes: hMPV_A1, hMPV_A2, hMPV_B1, and hMPV_B2. hMPV_A2 can be further divided into hMPV_A2a and A2b based on phylogenetic analysis. The typical prevalence pattern of hMPV involves a shift of the predominant subtype within one or two years. However, hMPV_A2, in particular hMPV_A2b, has circulated worldwide with a several years long term high epidemic. To study this distinct epidemic behavior of hMPV_A2, we analyzed 294 sequences of partial G genes of the virus from different countries. Molecular evolutionary data indicates that hMPV_A2 evolved toward heterogeneity faster than the other subtypes. Specifically, a Bayesian skyline plot analysis revealed that hMPV_A2 has undergone a generally upward fluctuation since 1997, whereas the other subtypes experienced only one upward fluctuation. Although hMPV_A2 showed a lower value of mean dN/dS than the other subtypes, it had the largest number of positive selection sites. Meanwhile, various styles of mutation were observed in the mutation hotspots of hMPV_A2b. Bayesian phylogeography analysis also revealed two fusions of diffusion routes of hMPV_A2b in India (June 2006) and Beijing, China (June 2008). Sequences of hMPV_A2b retrieved from GenBank boosted simultaneously with the two fusions respectively, indicating that fusion of genetic transmission routes from different regions improved survival of hMPV_A2. Epidemic and evolutionary dynamics of hMPV_A2b were similar to those of hMPV_A2. Overall, our findings provide important molecular insights into hMPV epidemics and viral variation, and explain the occurrence of an atypical epidemic of hMPV_A2, particularly hMPV_A2b

DEVELOPMENT OF BIOENGINEERING DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL CORNEA BASED ON TISSUE MATRIX MADE OF SPIDROIN AND CULTIVATED CELLS OF EYE LIMBUS ZONE

Purpose. To study prerequisites for a development of artificial cornea bioengineered design based on recombinant spidroin tissue matrix by behavior evaluation of 2D (planar) and 3D cell (threedimensional) cultures on its surface.Material and methods. We studied epithelioid and stromal primary cell cultures (MSC-L) received from the limbal zone of post-mortem donor eyes. Cells were seeded on Petri dishes and on cavities of cultural trays (Corning, USA). To get spheroid structures the cells after the second passage underwent the centrifuge and were seeded on agarous trays then were cultivated in thermostatic chamber (Cell-IQ, Chip Man Technologies, Finland) under standard conditions (37° C, 5% CO2). Control over cell growth and morphology in trays was conducted under inverted microscope CKX41 (Olympus, Japan). To count the cell quantity and their viability the automatic cell counter Countess (Invitrogen, USA) was used, to analyze the surface proteins expression the flow cytofluorimetry was applied. For matrices colonization we used the 3rd passage MSC-L and 7-day spheroids of MSC-L origin. To evaluate 2D and 3D cell cultures growth on the surface of membranous matrices of recombinant spidroin, to estimate its non-toxicity and adhesiveness the immunohistochemistry, light time-lapse microscopy (Cell-IQ, Chip Man Technologies, Finland), laser scanning confocal microscopy (FluoView FV10i, Olympus, Japan) and raster electronic microscopy (CamScan, Japan) were incorporated.Results. Few hours after cell seeding there was active cells’ attachment to the substrate. Attached cells were characterized by rounded, oval or polygonal ordonnance. 24 hours later bipolar elongated cells and islets of migrating epithelioid cells appearance were observed. In the incubation process under gravity force the spheroids were accumulated predominantly in the central zone of the matrix, 2 hours later an active migration of spheroids surface zone epithelioid cells was registered on the membrane. After 24 hours of incubation all seeded on the surface of membranous matrix cells possessed a mesenchyme-like phenotype. Spheroids had an ability to merge limitlessly, later we observed a new microtissue formation with epithelioid cells on the surface and mesenchyme-like cells in the central area. Both solitary spheroids and merger-derived microtissue contained epithelial and mesenchymal components as well as regularly organized fibrils of extracellular matrix.Conclusions. According to aforementioned data the development of artificial cornea bioengineered cell-tissue constructions based on the technology of 3D cell spheroids cultivation derived from multipotent stem cells of the limbus and spidroin matrix presents a promising prospect requiring a further profound investigation

Scientific and Methodological Support of Activities on Carrying Out Immunological Monitoring of Vaccinated Against Plague Persons Residing in the Territories of Natural Foci of the Infection

The article covers the issues related to the scientific substantiation and methodological support of immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated against plague upon epidemic indications. The problematic issues of the methodology for the assessment of immunological efficiency (efficacy) of plague live vaccine (PLV) are noted. The current tasks and possible prospects for the introduction of immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated against plague upon epidemic indications have been defined. The algorithm of efficacy estimation of plague live vaccine in vaccinated (revaccinated) persons has been tested under real conditions. Analysis of the results of efficacy evaluation of plague live vaccine among vaccinated (revaccinated) people against plague living in the territories of natural foci of this infection has been performed. Demonstrated is the possibility of using immunological monitoring results in creating an objective basis for improving the strategy of specific plague prevention in natural foci of this infection. The priority areas for further optimization of the specific plague prevention in the territories of natural foci of the infection, including those related to the formation of individual regimen revaccination tactics, taking into account the possibilities of creating modern and effective vaccines, are outlined

ATF2 Proposal

ATF2 Group Accelerator Physic

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ПОРИСТОГО КРЕМНИЯ В РАСТВОРЕ ПОЛИАКРИЛОВОЙ КИСЛОТЫ НА ЕГО ФОТОЛЮМИНЕСЦЕНТНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА

Porous silicon (por-Si) has a unique set of physic−chemical properties of characteristics — well-developed surface and consequently, a high sorption activity. In a dependence of the fabrication technique it is possible to form pores and clusters of nanometer size that makes this material rather prospective for elaborations in optoelectronics and sensors production. However, high surface activity stipulates porous silicon instability in the atmosphere. The work is concerned with the study of the influence of por-Si surface treatment in the aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid on the composition and photoluminescence of this material. It was found that this treatment can either enhance and stabilize PL of the material or change spectral position of PL band and also enhance its total intensity in a dependence of the fabrication technique.Пористый кремний обладает уникальным набором физико-химических характеристик — развитой поверхностью и, как следствие, существенной сорбционной активностью. В зависимости от технологии изготовления в нем можно сформировать поры и кластеры нанометровых размеров, что делает этот материал перспективным для разработок в области оптоэлектроники и сенсорики. Однако высокая активность поверхности обуславливает нестабильность пористого кремния при его контакте с атмосферой. Исследовано влияние обработки поверхности пористого кремния в водном растворе полиакриловой кислоты на состав и фотолюминесценцию материала. Установлено, что такая обработка, в зависимости от технологии получения пористого кремния, может усиливать и стабилизировать фотолюминесценцию этого материала или изменять положение полосы фотолюминесценции и значительно увеличивать ее интегральную интенсивность